Several fragments of Sallust's works survived in papyri of the second to fourth centuriesAD. In battle, those who are most afraid are always in most danger; but courage is equivalent to a rampart. [51] At the same time, however, he conveyed a "starry-eyed and romantic picture" of the republic before 146BC, with this period described in terms of "implausibly untrammelled virtue" that romanticised the distant past. But most of the young men, and especially the sons of the nobility, favored the schemes of Catiline; they who had abundant means of living at ease, either splendidly or voluptuously, preferred uncertainties to certainties, war to peace. [citation needed], In writing about the conspiracy of Catiline, Sallust's tone, style, and descriptions of aristocratic behaviour illustrate "the political and moral decline of Rome, begun after the fall of Carthage, quickening after Sulla's dictatorship, and spreading from the dissolute nobility to infect all Roman politics". 47 Volturcius, being questioned concerning his journey, concerning his letter, and lastly, what object he had had in view, and from what motives he had acted, at first began to prevaricate, and to pretend ignorance of the conspiracy; but at length, when he was told to speak on the security of the public faith, he disclosed every circumstance as it had really occurred, stating that he had been admitted as an associate a few days before, by Gabinius and Coeparius; that he knew no more than the envoys, only that he used to hear from Gabinius, that Publius Autronius, Servius Sylla, Lucius Vargunteius, and many others, were engaged in the conspiracy. At this period, too, he is said to have attached to his cause great numbers of men of all classes, and some women, who had, in their earlier days, supported an expensive life by the price of their beauty, but who, when age had lessened their gains but not their extravagance, had contracted heavy debts. His historical works - 34 B.C. [25] He was removed on grounds of immorality, but this was likely a pretext for his opposition to Milo during his tribunate. 52 When Caesar had ended his speech, the rest briefly expressed their assent, some to one speaker, and some to another, in support of their different proposals; but Marcus Porcius Cato, being asked his opinion, made a speech to the following purport: It is a vice which, as if imbued with deadly poison, enervates whatever is manly in body or mind. When he saw their spirits sufficiently elevated, he charged them to attend to his interest at the election of consuls, and dismissed the assembly. Thus, each being insufficient of itself, the one requires the assistance of the other. At this period the empire of Rome appears to me to have been in an extremely deplorable condition; for though every nation, from the rising to the setting of the sun, lay in subjection to her arms, and though peace and prosperity, which mankind think the greatest blessings, were hers in abundance, there yet were found, among her citizens, men who were bent, with obstinate determination, to plunge themselves and their country into ruin; for, notwithstanding the two decrees of the senate, not one individual, out of so vast a number, was induced by the offer of reward to give information of the conspiracy; nor was there a single deserter from the camp of Catiline. But nothing was ever less valued by her than honor or chastity. All these prizes fortune offers to the victorious. Manlius and the Faesulan, sword in hand, were among the first that fell; and Catiline, when he saw his army routed, and himself left with but few supporters, remembering his birth and former dignity, rushed into the thickest of the enemy, where he was slain, fighting to the last. In 46BC, he served as a praetor[31] and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in another defeat of the remaining Pompeians at Thapsus. But because writers of great talent flourished there, the actions of the Athenians are celebrated over the world as the most splendid of achievements. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Catiline's War & the Jugurthine War : Latin Text [Latin] by Sallust at the best online prices at eBay! [14] Because of this Sallust could have been raised in Rome. [76] In the second century AD, Zenobius translated his works into Ancient Greek.[74]. But because such a life, to men of spirit, was disgusting and unendurable, you resolved upon your present course. [20], Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milo's trial, did not originally support Caesar. IB Latin Paper 2 Sallust Bellum Catalinae 1-8. Here are some that may be of use: Conspiracy of Catiline - English THE INTRODUCTION, I.-IV.The character of Catiline, V.Virtues of the ancient Romans, VI.-IX.Degeneracy of their posterity, X.-XIII.Catilines associates and supporters, and the arts by which he collected them, XIV.His crimes and wretchedness, XV.His tuition of his accomplices, and resolution to subvert the government, XVI.His convocation of the conspirators, and their names, XVII.His concern in a former conspiracy, XVIII. Had they ever possessed the smallest share of discretion, they would never have engaged in such a plot against their country. sallust 3.1-5. [82], Nietzsche credits Sallust in Twilight of the Idols for his epigrammatic style: "My sense of style, for the epigram as a style, was awakened almost instantly when I came into contact with Sallust" and praises him for being "condensed, severe, with as much substance as possible in the background, and with cold but roguish hostility towards all 'beautiful words' and 'beautiful feelings'". To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. There was no army in Italy; Pompey was fighting in a distant part of the world; he himself had great hopes of obtaining the consulship; the senate was wholly off its guard; everything was quiet and tranquil, and all these circumstances were exceedingly favorable for Catiline. All precedents productive of evil effects, have had their origin from what was good; but when a government passes into the hands of the ignorant or unprincipled, any new example of severity, inflicted on deserving and suitable objects, is extended to those that are improper and undeserving of it. [25] Some historians, however, give it an earlier date of composition, perhaps as early at 50BC as an unpublished pamphlet which was reworked and published after the civil wars. These barbarians, as some say, had been unable to endure his unjust, haughty, and cruel orders; but others assert that this body of cavalry, being old and trusty adherents of Pompey, attacked Piso at his instigation, since the Spaniards, they observe, had never before committed such an outrage, but had patiently submitted to many severe commands. To read with reasonable ease the passages assigned. [56] "The Conspiracy of Catiline" reflects many features of style that were developed in his later works. Let the enterprise itself, then, let the opportunity, let your poverty, your dangers, and the glorious spoils of war, animate you far more than my words. The tradition about his morals seems to have originated in scurrilous gossip and by a confusion between the historian and his adopted son, Augustuss minister Sallustius Crispus, a man of great wealth and luxurious tastes. For assuredly, Silanus, either your fears, or their treason, must have induced you, a consul elect, to propose this new kind of punishment. From the influence of riches, accordingly, luxury, avarice, and pride prevailed among the youth; they grew at once rapacious and prodigal; they undervalued what was their own, and coveted what was anothers; they set at naught modesty and continence; they lost all distinction between sacred and profane, and threw off all consideration and self-restraint. When the city is taken, no power is left to the vanquished. And although my mind, inexperienced in dishonest practice, detested these vices, yet, in the midst of so great corruption, my tender age was ensnared and infected by ambition; and though I shrunk from the vicious principles of those around me, yet the same eagerness for honors, the same obloquy and jealousy, which disquieted others, disquieted myself. Caius Caesar, a short time ago, spoke in fair and elegant language, before this assembly, on the subject of life and death; considering as false, I suppose, what is told of the dead; that the bad, going a different way from the good, inhabit places gloomy, desolate, dreary, and full of horror. These vices at first advanced but slowly, and were sometimes restrained by correction; but afterwards, when their infection had spread like a pestilence, the state was entirely changed, and the government, from being the most equitable and praiseworthy, became rapacious and insupportable. To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. 19 Some time afterwards, Piso was sent as quaestor, with Praetorian authority, into Hither Spain; Crassus promoting the appointment, because he knew him to be a bitter enemy to Cneius Pompey. 8 But, assuredly, Fortune rules in all things. Look here. They were created in the ninth century, and both belong to the mutili group. They are believed to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of archaic words. [10][29] In late summer 47BC, a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. 38 For after the powers of the tribunes, in the consulate of Cneius Pompey and Marcus Crassus, had been fully restored, certain young men, of an ardent age and temper, having obtained that high office, began to stir up the populace by inveighing against the senate, and proceeded, in course of time, by means of largesses and promises, to inflame them more and more; by which methods they became popular and powerful. The remainder Catiline conducted, over rugged mountains, and by forced marches, into the neighborhood of Pistoria, with a view to escape covertly, by cross roads, into Gaul. We are not now debating on the revenues, or on injuries done to our allies, but our liberty and our life is at stake. [10] Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC. When this was known at Rome, the senate declared Catiline and Manlius enemies to the state, and fixed a day as to the rest of their force, before which they might lay down their arms with impunity except such as had been convicted of capital offences. This is the underlying framework of Sallusts schematic analysis of the events of that timethe clash between the nobility, or Senate, and the people, or plebeians. But when liberty was secured, it is almost incredible how much the state strengthened itself in a short space of time, so strong a passion for distinction had pervaded it. Behold that liberty, that liberty for which you have so often wished, with wealth, honor, and glory, are set before your eves. Omissions? To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. 12 terms. Not but that I could have paid, out of my own property, the debts contracted on my own security; while the generosity of Orestilla, out of her own fortune and her daughters, would discharge those incurred on the security of others. If those who pass a life sunk in obscurity, commit any error, through excessive anger, few become aware of it, for their fame is as limited as their fortune; but of those who live invested with extensive power, and in an exalted station, the whole world knows the proceedings. But there were other things which made them great, but which among us have no existence; such as industry at home, equitable government abroad, and minds impartial in council, uninfluenced by any immoral or improper feeling. This question we shall leave undecided. Hints of hostility to the Triumvirate on Sallusts part may be detected in both Bellum Jugurthinum and the Histories. [citation needed], Two letters (Duae epistolae de republica ordinanda), letters of political counsel and advice addressed to Caesar, and an attack upon Cicero (Invectiva or Declamatio in Ciceronem), frequently attributed to Sallust, are thought by modern scholars to have come from the pen of a rhetorician of the first century AD, along with a counter-invective attributed to Cicero. A digression in this work indicates that he considered party strife as the principal factor in the republics disintegration. 18 But previously to this period, a small number of persons, among whom was Catiline, had formed a design against the state; of which affair I shall here give as accurate an account as I am able. But though you little regarded my remonstrances, yet the republic remained secure; its own strength was proof against your remissness. I knew that the Romans had frequently, with small bodies of men, encountered vast armies of the enemy; I was aware that they had carried on wars with limited forces against powerful sovereigns; that they had often sustained, too, the violence of adverse fortune; yet that, while the Greeks excelled them in eloquence, the Gauls surpassed them in military glory. [27] Plutarch reported that Sallust dined with Caesar, Hirtius, Oppius, Balbus and Sulpicius Rufus on the night after Caesar's crossing the Rubicon into Italy in early January. Political turmoil in Rome during the late republic had social and economic causes (not overlooked by Sallust), but essentially it took the form of a power struggle between the aristocratic group in control of the Senate and those senators who enlisted popular support to challenge the oligarchy. But as soon as a prospect of change, in this dubious state of affairs, had presented itself, the old spirit of contention awakened their passions; and had Catiline, in his first battle, come off victorious, or left the struggle undecided, great distress and calamity must certainly have fallen upon the state, nor would those, who might at last have gained the ascendancy, have been allowed to enjoy it long, for some superior power would have wrested dominion and liberty from them when weary and exhausted. Catiline's conspiracy was the "single armed insurrection" that afflicted Rome between Sulla's civil war and Caesar's civil war. But we are beset by dangers on all sides; Catiline, with his army, is ready to devour us; while there are other enemies within the walls, and in the heart of the city; nor can any measures be taken, or any plans arranged, without their knowledge. But the significance of these citations for the reconstruction is uncertain; because occasionally the authors cited Sallust from memory, some distortions were possible.[88]. Epigrams, XIV, 191: Hic erit, ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum, // Primus Romana Crispus in historia. 6 terms. The evidence which I have obtained, in support of this charge, is not at all in proportion to its magnitude. Conspiracy of Catiline - English with commentary (Perseus) Our years are fresh, our spirit is unbroken; among our oppressors, on the contrary, through age and wealth, a general debility has been produced. If your courage and fidelity had not been sufficiently proved by me, this favorable opportunity would have occurred to no purpose; mighty hopes, absolute power, would in vain be within our grasp; nor should I, depending on irresolution or ficklemindedness, pursue contingencies instead of certainties. Two years later, designated praetor, he was sent to quell a mutiny among Caesars troops, again without success. But her abilities were by no means despicable; she could compose verses, jest, and join in conversation either modest, tender, or licentious. WebSallust's Bellum Catilinae Resource Information The item Sallust's Bellum Catilinaerepresents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Missouri University of Science & Technology Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [49] In this, he felt a "pervasive pessimism" with decline that was "both dreadful and inevitable", a consequence of political and moral corruption itself caused by Rome's immense power:[46] he traced the civil war to the influx of wealth from conquest and the absence of serious foreign threats to hone and exercise Roman virtue at arms. Of their exercise of which virtues, I consider these as the greatest proofs; that, in war, punishment was oftener inflicted on those who attacked an enemy contrary to orders, and who, when commanded to retreat, retired too slowly from the contest, than on those who had dared to desert their standards or, when pressed by the enemy, to abandon their posts; and that, in peace, they governed more by conferring benefits than by exciting terror, and, when they received an injury, chose rather to pardon than to revenge it. In order, too, to give greater weight to his representations, he sent for Gabinius, and, in his presence, explained the objects of the conspiracy, and mentioned the names of the confederates, as well as those of many other persons, of every sort, who were guiltless of it, for the purpose of inspiring the embassadors with greater confidence. [74][75] Fronto used ancient words collected by Sallust to provide "archaic coloring" for his works. Two Letters to Caesar and an Invective Against Cicero, Sallustian in style, have often been credited, although probably incorrectly, to Sallust; the former title was attributed to him by the 1st-century-ad Roman educator Quintilian. Tacitus speaks highly of him. I advise you to have mercy upon them; they are young men who have been led astray by ambition; send them away, even with arms in their hands. Basic Rhetorical Terms (pdf) But my ardor for action is daily more and more excited when I consider what our future condition of life must be, unless we ourselves assert our claims to liberty. Caesar was esteemed for his humanity and benevolence; austereness had given dignity to Cato. Success unsettles the principles even of the wise, and scarcely would those of debauched habits use victory with moderation. Now, for the first time, the youth, as soon as they were able to bear the toils of war, acquired military skill by actual service in the camp, and took pleasure rather in splendid arms and military steeds than in the society of mistresses and convivial indulgence. Those speakers, as it seems to me, have considered only how to punish the traitors who have raised war against their country, their parents, their altars, and their homes; but the state of affairs warns us rather to secure ourselves against them, than to take counsel as to what sentence we should pass upon them. And if any one, as yet of unblemished character, fell into his society, he was presently rendered, by daily intercourse and temptation, similar and equal to the rest. He himself, in the mean time, was making many simultaneous efforts at Rome; he laid plots for the consul; he arranged schemes for burning the city; he occupied suitable posts with armed men, he went constantly armed himself, and ordered his followers to do the same; he exhorted them to be always on their guard and prepared for action; he was active and vigilant by day and by night, and was exhausted neither by sleeplessness nor by toil. A separate page lists some of these for aid in reading. Aeneid II. It is always unbounded and insatiable, and is abated neither by abundance nor by want. His violent spirit was daily more and more hurried on by the diminution of his patrimony, and by his consciousness of guilt; both which evils he had increased by those practices which I have mentioned above. But the love of irregular gratification, open debauchery, and all kinds of luxury, had spread abroad with no less force. And this crime appears to me to have been the chief cause of hurrying forward the conspiracy. They were magnificent in their religious services, frugal in their families, and steady in their friendships. The others came without delay; but Coeparius, having left his house a little before, and heard of the discovery of the conspiracy, had fled from the city. But afterwards, when their lawless power gradually increased, they proceeded, at their pleasure, to kill the good and bad indiscriminately, and to strike terror into all; and thus the state, overpowered and enslaved, paid a heavy penalty for its imprudent exultation. In this person there was not less levity than impudence; he could neither keep secret what he heard, nor conceal his own crimes; he was altogether heedless what he said or what he did. These objects I hope to effect, in concert with you, in the character of consul; unless, indeed, my expectation deceives me, and you prefer to be slaves rather than masters. Throughout his career Sallust always stood by his principle as a popularis, an opposer of Pompey's party and the old This person, having offered to give information of the conspiracy, if the public faith were pledged to him, and being directed by the consul to state what he knew, gave the senate nearly the same account as Volturcius had given, concerning the intended conflagration, the massacre of respectable citizens, and the approach of the enemy, adding that he was sent by Marcus Crassus to assure Catiline that the apprehension of Lentulus, Cethegus, and others of the conspirators, ought not to alarm him, but that he should hasten, with so much the more expedition, to the city, in order to revive the courage of the rest, and to facilitate the escape of those in custody. When Tarquinius named Crassus, a man of noble birth, of very great wealth, and of vast influence, some, thinking the statement incredible, others, though they supposed it true, yet, judging that at such a crisis a man of such power was rather to be soothed than irritated (most of them, too, from personal reasons, being under obligation to Crassus), exclaimed that he was a false witness, and demanded that the matter should be put to the vote. Besides, those whose parents, by the victory of Sylla, had been proscribed, whose property had been confiscated, and whose civil rights had been curtailed, looked forward to the event of a war with precisely the same feelings. It is not at all surprising, therefore, that men in distress, of dissolute principles and extravagant expectations, should have consulted the interest of the state no further than as it was subservient to their own. [47] From the extant fragments, he seemed to again emphasis moral decline after Sulla; he "was not generous to Pompey". jack_26_12 PLUS. Webantagonist in Sallusts Bellum Catilinae 51 and 52. These thirty began their administration by putting to death, even without a trial, all who were notoriously wicked, or publicly detestable; acts at which the people rejoiced, and extolled their justice. They are also available in on-line editions, but are not formatted for ease of use. Being naturally bold, sanguine, and prompt to act, he thought that success depended on rapidity of execution. [10][27] This campaign was unsuccessful. sophia20753. WebIt is Sallust's first published work, detailing the attempt by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63 BC. To such indignities, bravest of men, how long will you submit? [66] Justus Lipsius marked Sallust as the second most notable Roman historian after Tacitus. jack_26_12 PLUS. The Writings of Sallust 3. To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. Whatever shall fall on the traitors, will fall on them justly; but it is for you, Conscript Fathers, to consider well what you resolve to inflict on others. Among these was Aulus Fulvius, the son of a senator, whom, being arrested on his journey, his father ordered to be put to death. [26][25], During the civil war from 49 to 45BC, Sallust was a Caesarian partisan, but his role was not significant; his name is not mentioned in the dictator's Commentarii de Bello Civili. In the trial that followed, Cicero defended Milo, while Sallust and his fellow tribunes harangued the people in speeches attacking Cicero. As a plain stretched between the mountains on the left, with a rugged rock on the right, he placed eight cohorts in front, and stationed the rest of his force, in close order, in the rear. 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