benefits of back shoes on horsesbenefits of back shoes on horses

Horseshoes can correct a horse's feet. Join us as we interview leading equine researchers from the University of Kentucky, Problem Solver Series: How to Control Nuisance Birds on Horse Properties. Definitely safer in pasture. Much like our nails, a horses hooves will grow continually if not maintained. Barefoot hooves grow even faster due to natural stimulation through the sole. EquiMed staff writers team up to provide articles that require periodic updates based on evolving methods of equine healthcare. More insight: "The average horse I come across, no matter the breed, can ultimately go without shoes," Lane explains. "A pad that has good shock absorption due to it being made from a soft, spongy material will work . Ricci, I think I do a different kind of riding, I am in an arena with soft footing. Remember when a horse goes barefoot, the horse's feet need to be checked and the hoofs trimmed approximately every six weeks to keep them even and to prevent breakage. However, domesticated working horses, that carry a rider or pull a carriage or other heavy load, will often wear down their hooves more quickly than they would out in the wild, due to the extra weight and added stress. Or, you may opt for traditional nailed-on shoes. Esco explains, "Research has been very lacking on that. The assertion by some historians that the Romans invented the "mule shoes" sometime after 100 BC is supported by a reference by Catullus who died in 54 BC. Sky Bet: Bet 10 Get 30 in Free Horse Racing Bets - CLAIM HERE. Composite horseshoes combine metal and synthetic materials to bring out the best of both. Plus, lifting a saddle onto and off the horse's back, carrying buckets of hay and water to its stall, grooming -- all these burn plenty of calories. The horse receives better circulation to the hoof without shoes as the sole/frog receives proper concussion sending the blood back up the leg. The Mustang breed of North America, for example, can have soles an inch thick. They are generally designed to support the horse's heel or hoof wall. Benefits of composite shoes Allows for vertical flexion of a healthy hoof so the heels can move independently Allows expansion and contraction of a healthy hoof with each footfall Caudal support - allows back half of the hoof and frog to be supported and engaged Shoe is often set back to improve break-over or a bevel can be adjusted in shoe Riding also offers cardio benefits. EquiMed Staff - 05/01/2017 Horses have no padding from muscle tissue in the lower leg so tender bones, such as the splint bone, as well as tendons and ligaments have no natural protection. Designed to protect horse's hoofs, this Davis Barrier Boot made of rubber, gives the hoof plenty of protection while on the pasture or out riding. Exactly how often a horse needs to be re-shod will depend on a number of factors, including how fast their hooves grow, and how quickly the horseshoes themselves wear down. They argue that with regular trimming and proper maintenance, the horse can stay sound in any discipline. It also helps to protect the horse's hooves from rocks and other objects that might puncture or damage them. Having a jumper land on aluminum shoes might not provide the support he needs, whereas a hunter jumping lower fences might move better with lighter shoes and might not require the hoof and limb support that steel offers. Wild horses will wear their hooves down gradually as they move from place to place over hard, arid terrain. A horse that grazes most of its day or is worked over soft ground is less likely to need protection for its feet. Consequently, they impact on the biomechanics of horses' proximal limb segments and upper body. He is currently a Fellow of the WCF, which is the highest achievement possible for a farrier. Exactly how long the shoes may last will depend on the type of work your horse is doing, and the terrain that youre riding on. There's a few reasons for this including to help break-over, in an attempt to improve performance and to help rectify some of the damage that owners are doing to the hoof angles by leaving the feet too long between farrier appointments. The soft regions at the heel bulb . This is also when the term farrier came into use, taken from the Middle French word Ferrier meaning blacksmith. 6. In certain cases, a horse might need their shoes resetting sooner than the six-week mark, which is why its important to check their feet and shoes regularly ideally before and after riding. These horses tend to have one foot at a lower-than-ideal angle and a club foot with a very upright conformation. What evidence is there that barefoot horses perform better, have less injuries. Shod horses can be seen (through thermal imaging) to have reduced circulation to the hoof. 4 Reasons Why, 7 Facts & FAQs You Didnt Know About Raven From Free Rein. These clever inventions are manufactured in various sizes to fit all horse breeds. Orthobiologic Options for Treating Horses. "Horseshoes provide a much smaller surface area to absorb shock," explains the researcher, whose own wife's horse is now happily barefoot. During the first century, the Romans made leather and metal shoes called "hipposandals". In this article, we will explore the reasons why shoeing a horse is important and outline the steps involved in the process. Much like horseshoes themselves, theres no one-size-fits all option, meaning youll have to take a bespoke approach to meet the needs of your horse. Get expert advice to help your pet live its best life, Horse and Pony Care by the Day, Week, Month and Year, Parts of a Horse's Hooves and Their Functions. It also serves to distribute the weight on and impact of a hoof when being ridden. There are also glued-on shoes, which some view as more humane. Good boots are expensive, and while it is cheaper in the long run, it's not always easy for everyone to fork out all that money for the boots. Domesticated horses are subject to work, stable, and management conditions that are much different from the horse's natural habitat in the wild. from the . We should strive to shoe the horse according to his hoof and leg conformation while considering what he does for a living. They will trim back any excess hoof growth, and shape it as needed. Deciding whether or not to shoe your horse is a highly personal choice. A. Shoeing can improve how a horse moves in the show ring in many ways. When shoeing a horse, theyll need to use their judgement to make sure the shoes are an exact fit, to ensure that the horse is properly balanced. We should examine them separately so we can understand how each factor contributes to the whole. However, there are alternatives available to avoid the above health effects. The more you ride, the more the body learns to move with the horse. But why do horses need shoes in the first place, and do all horses need them? The hot shoe helps to keep the horse's feet warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Meanwhile, it is important for the horse to be comfortable, but kept active with normal exercise routines and work load. In a nutshell: it really depends on the circumstances, and who youre asking! Compendia articles, core healthcare topics and more are written and updated as a group effort. Some people argue that synthetic horseshoes dont last as long as metal ones as they wear down quicker. Bell boots can be worn on the front or back. He lectures all over the country and sometimes into Europe, he specialises in remedial farreiry and is often asked to help by the major vet hospitals all over the country. The A few years back, we used to set hind shoes back on jumpers so they wouldnt overreach and pull off front shoes. Fallon suggests soaking the foot for 15 to 30 . Horseshoe crabs don't reach full maturity until approximately age ten, and while they do experience consistent growth over those first ten years, their carapace (their tough exoskeleton that makes them look like tanks) doesn't actually grow with them. Do you like to play games outdoors during picnics?In addition to games such as cornhole and tag, you might have also played a game that challenges you to toss a curved piece of metal a long distance toward a metal spike.What are we talking about? Before making the decision to shoe your horse or not, several important factors need to be considered: Talk to your veterinarian and farrier. Also read: 7 Horseshoe Superstitions Still Practiced Today. Horseshoes are designed to protect horses' hooves, the same way shoes protect our feet. With so much information out there about shoeing and barefoot trimming, it can be hard to decide which option is best for your horse. However, while shoes are often necessary, their inadequate use can also be counterproductive. If your farrier happens to make a wrong move, a rogue nail can harm the sensitive inner tissues of the hoof. However, excessive growth is also not an issue in wild horses as they wear their hooves down traveling long distances every day. Protection is one of the main reasons why shoeing became a widespread practice by 1000 AD. The Horsesexperts answer your questions during a monthly live audio event. I know when I ride with my friend whose horse is barefoot, he has amazing traction, when my horse will sometimes have his shoes slide on concrete or on roots. If worn extensively for longer periods, they can potentially encase the feet in a moist, dirty environment. Furthermore, shoes may be used to give horses extra traction in snow and ice. Improper trimming and shoeing can be the source of foot pain. Bar shoes: The bar shoe is an important component of remedial shoeing - the art of shoeing horses with foot problems in order to help alleviate the problems. Some riders and trainers believe that horses do need shoes nearly all of the time, arguing that this provides the best protection for the feet during work. It's not just the heel, the tongue and the laces, which most of us can point out, but rather a more complex breakdown of parts. Equine boots help protect the delicate structures of the leg from obstacles, or from the horses own hooves. Toward the back of the shoe, you'll find the: Tongue top. Amazon. Many horses race or participate in show and competition events. Horseshoes also limit the natural hoof mechanism that is vital for maintaining healthy legs. Equine Regenerative Therapies for Managing Arthritis in Horses, Infographic | 12 Smart At-Home Biosecurity Practices for Horse Owners, Infographic | How To Keep Your Horses Joints Healthy. If you are going to remove shoes for. Shoes are often used to protect and support the hooves of racing and other performance horses. The horseshoe is considered very lucky and used to be hung in many homes to protect and attract good fortune for the family residing inside. Posted by Mike Pownall, DVM | Feb 28, 2023 | Article, Commentary, Conformation Problems, English Disciplines, Hoof Care, Performance Horse Health Commentary Series, Shoeing, Sports Medicine, Western Disciplines. With cold shoeing, the farrier bends the metal of shoe without heating it first in order to produce the right shape. All rights reserved. Does that make sense? The hoof wall, which is composed mostly of keratin, is weakened by this exposure. They saw the shoes not only as uncomfortable for the horse, but as actually damaging to hoof structure and the circulation of nourishing blood within the foot with metal shoes leading to interference with the finely tuned mechanisms within the hoof. In fact, some farriers prefer letting horses go barefoot for at least part of the year. They come in three different densities and varying thicknesses. Corrective shoeing can modify the horses gait and stride, helping them regain their performance. Many breeds of horses were not bred with hoof strength in mind, leading to weaker hooves in some breeds. Trying to alter the angles can lead to similar pressures on limbs, joints, and hooves as we see when we try to alter gait in a poorly conformed horse. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Treatment of sensitive heels and some navicular stress and caudal pathologies. When compared to domestic horses, wild horses have exceptionally strong and resistant hooves with thick soles. According to farrier Mark Johnson, shoes can also cause internal damage to the hooves and feet. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Hoof Care, The controversy of whether horses need shoes to maintain hoof health is as old as the development of the first "horse shoe.". If I were on a trail I could agree, but my riding has little effect on his shoes. This is the result of the hooves getting lots of stimulation from movement and play when the horse is still young. An example of the latter is a club foot. Deciding whether to shoe your horse or not is an incredibly personal decision, and whats best will often depend on the unique needs of your horse. Also read: 10 Cowboy Superstitions That Are Still Practiced Today. While the center of the horse's hoof is very sensitive, the outside feels no pain. Feed & Nutrition General Care Dentistry Deworming Vaccinations Hoof Care Seasonal Care Alternative Therapies Illness & Injury Grooming Breeding Riding & Training English Dressage Hunter Jumper Eventing Western Reining Western Pleasure Other General Schooling Ground Work & Handling Horse Behaviour & Psychology More Disciplines Beginner The training involved and the events themselves create stress in the hooves, legs, and joints because of concussive force. How Organized Are Your Horses Health Records? Horseshoes influence how horses' hooves interact with different ground surfaces, during the impact, loading and push-off phases of a stride cycle. Your horse may need protection like hoof boots, which should be worn only when you ride. Experience has shown that horses can pull more weight, run faster, jump higher, and maintain a better gait when correctly shod. A poorly functioning hoof can bring down the entire system, while alternatively, a properly functioning hoof has the effect of nourishing and revitalizing the whole horse. Here at Horse & Country TV, we have a huge selection of training and learning guides from some of the most renowned trainers and specialists out there, including advice and tips on eventing, dressage, showjumping, and more. Horse hooves are similar to human nails, only much thicker. According to research and experience by both horse professionals and owners: If a horse has good hoof and leg conformation; if the horse forages for most of its feed; if the horse has a limited the workload, and hoofs are trimmed to avoid excess or abnormal hoof wear and injury to the foot, a horse may live and work safely without shoes. Besides steel and aluminum, synthetic horseshoe materials such as rubber and plastic are becoming increasingly popular. As already mentioned, the holes from repeated shoeing will weaken the horses hoof wall over time. However, since shoes lift the horse's feet off the ground, there is limited contact between the frog and the ground surface. Importance of horseshoe as per Vaastu. A horse with weak soles may be more susceptible to bruising and would, therefore, benefit from wearing shoes. Horses who have excellent conformation and healthy hooves with a light workload can do just fine without shoes. Since a horse's hoof cannot feel any pain, horse shoes cannot give them discomfort. Others take more of a balanced approach, believing that it all depends on the type of work the horse is in. Medical Issues-Some horse may have medical conditions that require corrective shoeing this can be anything from altering the shape and angle of the hoof to adding a specially designed shoe to help protect bruising and damage your horse may have to the hoof or helping to keep medicine on the hoof.There are a wide variety of different types of horse shoes that all have different uses. The key to any shoeing job is how well the hoof is trimmed. I am sure that they can be more tender at the front, but does that make them not tender at the back? However, there is a misconception that shoeing weakens horses' soles over time. Shoeing is not without risks. "There are a lot of top-level horses wearing egg-bar shoes with no problems," he says. At the same time, the rigid metal core ensures they last a regular shoeing period. In many cases, corrective shoeing provides additional support to the hooves, keeping the horse in working condition. >, The pros and cons of letting your horse go barefoot. Read our guide on the best hoof boots for horses. Kathy Blocksdorf is an equine expert and writer with over three decades ofexperience in training and riding horses. For instance, some may view the protection that a shoe provides to a hoof to be a good thing, while others believe that the shoe prevents natural expansion and contraction of the foot that occurs in barefoot horses. Its important not to leave the problem, as this could cause issues or injuries further down the line. His back feet are, for some reason, stronger than his front. The rationale for this is usually put down to the fact that the fore limbs carry 60% of the horses . Fetlock Ring . And so, many people are wondering how wild horses are able to stay sound without shoes. I always intend to return the horse to as normal a situation regarding shoes as possible when doing remedial work. Also great for covering the hoof when meds are needed. I only put fronts on High Five because that's all he needs. As you can see, I hope, from my guide that horseshoes don't hurt horses. Around 1000 AD, cast bronze horseshoes with nail holes had became common in Europe. As weve discussed, there are arguments for and against shoeing. This specialized horseshoe created out of plywood and applied to the hoof using screws and adhesives was conceived to help with the mechanical challenges faced by horses living with chronic laminitis. Before this can happen, an aspiring farrier will need to complete a four-year apprenticeship with an Approved Training Farrier. After trying various solutions, horsemen began nailing metal shoes to their horses hooves. Awhile back I had my quarter horse shod on all fours. If your horse is getting sore feet, you may have several options. However, reports have been mixed in this regard with some users saying they last as long as regular shoes. But what exactly are they? A good farrier will also carefully inspect the hooves and feet to ensure that the shoes were providing the best fit, and that the horse is comfortable and healthy. Sometimes the farrier will opt to glue the shoe on instead. What is a person who shoes horses called? By fitting lateral support shoes to the outside of this toed in horse, pressure is more evenly distributed over the limb, making the horse more comfortable. Without healthy and functional hooves, horses are unable to perform the tasks we ask of them every single day. Last Updated on November 28, 2021. For the horses who had to be shod behind (which was only for competition reasons, for example when the eventers . The farrier can also modify the shoe to add toe- or quarter-clips as needed, allowing for corrective work. Clips are the triangular tab of metal that sticks up on the foot surface of a shoe to be seated into the hoof wall. I wanted to have a discussion about it so I could learn more rather than an argument. Benefits of Horseshoes. Soak the foot. Today, farriers can customize horseshoes to suit a variety of terrains. Thanks to their shock-absorbing qualities, they can be hugely beneficial in reducing discomfort from chronic conditions such as arthritis, laminitis, and navicular disease. Poorly shod hooves can lead to . It is true that any horse's overall strength, respiratory, circulatory and immune system will benefit from the hoof care that takes into account each individual horse's health, conformation, work load, stabling and living situation and age. Tongue foam. The breakover is the moment the hoof rolls over and the toe is just about to leave the ground. . It's called "barefoot trimming.". A Fresh Look at the Causes of Navicular Disease, Steaming Versus Soaking Hay for a Horse With Allergies, Vaccination Recommendations for PPID and EMS Horses, Podotrochlosis: Navicular is No Longer the End of the Road for Horses. Most hoofs become degenerated to some degree from wearing shoes that are nailed on and the soles often become thin, so the horse's feet need some time to heal and adjust and grow a strong protective sole callous. JavaScript is disabled. For example, some riders may find that barefoot horses are sounder and more agile when training in the area, but may still prefer to provide supplementary protection for the hooves when out hacking on more difficult terrain. Be warned that your horse can lose its shoes, especially when riding in muddy conditions. The extra protection and cushioning that shoeing offers go a long way towards preventing injuries in the modern sports horse. Riding, lifting saddles onto the back of a horse, mucking stalls, moving hay bales, etc., builds muscles and physical strength. Once a horse reaches maturity, there is very little shoeing can do to safely alter a gait related to limb conformation. Paddock footing that fluctuates between wet and dry can cause the hoof to expand and contract rapidly. A big wintertime advantage is reduced "snowballing" -- clumping/packing of snow in the hoof. There are pros and cons to shoeing, and whats suitable for one horse may not work for another. What Are the Parts of a Shoe Called? Shoes make the hoof temporarily stronger. Here, weve shared the main pros and cons of shoeing a horse, so you can weigh up your options and make the most informed decision. They're all about personal growth. I have a question. Your farrier can help you determine if your horse will be better off going barefoot. But a horseshoe holds the foot inflexible, cancelling out 75% of its ability to absorb shock. Corrective shoeing can be used to help keep horses with genetic deformities, such as a clubfoot, sound and able to work, greatly improving their quality of life. Racehorses generally run on softer ground, like turf or dirt tracks, but they still hit the ground with great concussive force. Farriers will usually nail the horseshoe into the thick unfeeling part of the animal's hoof. Definitely safer in pasture. A blacksmith can also fit horseshoes; however, they need to be registered as a farrier with the FRC in order to do so. Hot-shoeing, the process of heating the horseshoe before shoeing the horse, became common in the 16th century. Horses don't usually wear their back feet as badly as their front feet. Proper shoeing and trimming are an integral part of the treatment of orthopedic diseases, such as laminitis, navicular disease, contracted heels, ligament injuries, and tendonitis, as well as sand cracks, flat feet, corns, sole bruises, and other painful and stressful diseases and conditions. Their hoofs were worn to a smooth, even, hard state and the continual stimulation of the sole of the foot caused it to become thick. In this case, it is imperative that the horse wears therapeutic shoes to prevent the hoof from deteriorating further. 30437. However, since shoes lift the horses feet off the ground, there is limited contact between the frog and the ground surface. I would be in that position, I could either not get my girls trimmed for several months and save up for good boots, or I could put two shoes on my horse. A skilled farrier can trim and show a horse without causing any pain. The question of whether all horses need shoes is somewhat contentious, and almost every horse owner or trainer has their own opinion on the matter. However, certain horse breeds like the Thoroughbred tend to have inferior hoof conformation coupled with a high-intensity work regime. Front shoes are okay. Subscribe now to access all of our equestrian entertainment and programming. A lousy shoe, or a flawed shoeing procedure, can spell big trouble for your horse. EquiMed and Horse Health Matters are registered trademarks of EquiMed, LLC. And yet, hoof quality and conformation are rarely a priority when selecting horses for breeding. The question of whether to shoe or not to shoe is quite a personal choice, and not all equestrians are in agreement about which horses should wear them, and when. Like riding, the more we can get out of the way, the better we can let the horses natural abilities shine. I battle with myself to not be stuck in my ways and stuck in the things I know and understand. Farriers will usually nail the horseshoe into the thick unfeeling part of the animal's hoof. Many composite shoes also feature additional frog support for healthy hoof function. Most owners opt for nailed-on shoes, but some owners prefer to go for glue-on versions, instead, further decreasing the weight and making it easier for the shoes to be reset. Before the first horseshoe was ever patented, concerned horse owners and professionals were attempting to discern what worked best for horses. Some of the health conditions that can be improved by special shoes include: laminitis, navicular disease, arthritis, sole bruising, ringbone, side bone, compromised flexor and extensor tendons, etc. How do I know if shoeing is right for my horse? An expert farrier will be able to create a shoe to suit the type of breed and the kind of work the horse is in. If you suspect your pet is sick, call your vet immediately. It doesn't unbalance the horse unless the trimming and shoes aren't done right. The difference in angle between the feet makes it impossible for the two legs to move similarly. Plus, when you subscribe, youll also get access to a wealth of sports coverage, live events, and all the latest news from the equestrian world. For example, a Clydesdale horse pulling a carriage on a hard tarmacked road will need a more heavy-duty shoe than a show pony working in a soft arena. Normal activities of wild horses wear hoofs to a smooth, even, hard state with a thick sole. On the other hand, hooves are continuously growing structures, requiring trimming at regular intervals. While some domestic horses can live happy and healthy lives barefoot, the majority still rely on protection from shoes. 7 Horseshoe Superstitions Still Practiced Today, 10 Cowboy Superstitions That Are Still Practiced Today, 6 Types of Horseshoes & Materials Theyre Made From, 6 Types of Mustang Horses & Their History. While shoes do have their place in the horse world, barefoot advocates believe traditional horseshoes cause discomfort and damage the structures of the hoof by restricting blood circulation. Some horses wear their front feet down unevenly, but are fine with their back feet, and so need corrective shoeing in the front only. "So if a bare hoof landing after a jump experiences, say, 1,000 pounds of loading per square foot, then with a traditional shoe, there's going to be 2,000 pounds per square foot." As well as protecting the hooves, horseshoes can also serve a number of other functions. That curved piece of metal you throw, known as a horseshoe, might also hang on a wall of your house, since the horseshoe has . What happens during the re-shoeing process? And if used correctly, they can indeed be an effective substitute for rigid metal shoes. In order to practise, an individual must be registered with the Farriers Registration Council (FRC). Very tough and rugged. Because winning a race can come down to a fraction of a second, losing a little weight off the shoe can make a big difference to a horses speed and stride. For example, shoeing can encourage cracks and chips in the hoof to heal by preventing them from getting worse. They provide full support and stability to the entire hoof, unlike traditional shoes that only support the hoof wall. One of the benefits of regular exercise is lowered blood pressure; horseback riding is exercise. The 13th and 14th centuries brought the widespread manufacturing of iron horseshoes. Horse hooves are similar to human nails, only much thicker. A heavier shoe causes the horse to raise his knees higher to position to limb to land appropriately. This can lead to tiny cracks that allow bacteria to enter and form abscesses. In contrast, trimming only costs $30-50, or even less if the farrier is treating multiple horses on the yard. It is important to realize and understand the multitude of benefits a bar shoe can provide such as increased stability of the hoof capsule, increased ground contact surface, local protection and recruitment of additional weight bearing areas of the foot. Front shoes only, as horrific injuries can occur from a kick from a shod hoof. They may also work alongside vets or equine healthcare professionals to provide corrective shoeing or surgical farriery. Due to uneven muscling or conformation, some horses struggle to maintain balance under saddle. Hence why sore feet and lameness are uncommon in wild horse breeds. The hooves of wild horses are naturally conditioned from birth to withstand the terrain they live on. For example, if youre bringing your horse back into work after a break, then they are likely to have slightly different requirements as they gradually build up their fitness. In other words, horseshoes make hooves more durable and strong. For centuries, they've been utilized to allow tamed horses to participate in many types of work. Back problems are a major cause of poor performance and gait abnormalities in sport and race horses, and definitive diagnosis of the cause can be a . If you notice that a shoe has come loose, its best to pull it off immediately. 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Tiny cracks that allow bacteria to enter and form abscesses can potentially encase the feet makes impossible. Materials such as rubber and plastic are becoming increasingly popular on softer ground, like turf or dirt,! Wanted to have inferior hoof conformation coupled with a very benefits of back shoes on horses conformation just fine shoes! To pull it off immediately our nails, only much thicker I always intend to return horse... Tissues of the hoof do just fine without shoes as the sole/frog receives proper sending. Approach, believing that it all depends on the type of work the horse important., I think I do a different kind of riding, I am in an arena soft... Any excess hoof growth, and shape it as needed, allowing corrective. Is less likely to need protection like benefits of back shoes on horses boots for horses already mentioned, the more we let. Horses hooves will grow continually if not maintained thick soles great for covering the hoof to expand contract! Saying they last as long as metal ones as they move from place to place hard... Depends on the yard should be worn on the type of work the horse to be seated into the wall! Hoof rolls over and the ground with great concussive force shoes can also modify the shoe on instead be that... Corrective work boots can be seen ( through thermal imaging ) to have one foot at a lower-than-ideal and. Gait and stride, helping them regain their performance or not to the! Coupled with a light workload can do to safely alter a gait related to to! An effective substitute for rigid metal core ensures they last a regular shoeing period for. Can see, I think I do a different kind of riding, think..., which is composed mostly of keratin, is weakened by this exposure which is the result of the,! Are unable to perform the tasks we ask of them every single day lives.

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